Summary

8.1

♥all green parts of the plant we can see contain cells with chloroplast which carries out photosynthesis.
♥both carbon dioxide and oxygen leave through the leaf by its stomato.
♥chloroplast's structure is very important for its function like mitochondria
♥inner membrane of chloroplast encloses stoma and thylakoids are suspended there
♥various structure of chloroplast helps to carry out photosynthesis
♥electrons from water are boosted "uphill" by the energy from sunlight so the chloroplast uses these "excited" electrons, along with carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions, to produce sugar molecules.
♥NADPH is an electron carrier very similar to the NADH
♥results of light reaction are ATP and NADPH
♥Calvin cycle does not use light directly but it requires two inputs supplied by light reaction, ATP and NADPH

8.2

♥visible light is wavelengths that our eyes can detect as a lot of colours
♥wavelengths that are shorter than visible light can damage organic molecules such as proteins or nucleic acids which can explain ultraviolet radiation can cause skin cance to us
♥when light shines on material which contains pigments can happen in three ways: absorbed, transmitted, or reflected
♥chloroplast pigments do not absorb green light well but the light passes through the leaf or reflects back
♥chlorophyll a absorbs blue-violet and red light and reflects green light
♥chlorophyll b absorbs blue and orange but reflects yellow-green
♥cluster of pigment molecules are the light gatherers
♥when pigment molecule absorbs light, one pigment's electron gains energy
♥when excited electron transfers energy, it drops back to ground state and the electron that recieved enery becomes excited
♥photosystem can be thought of as the "water-splitting photosystem" because the electrons are replaced by splitting a molecule of water. This process releases oxygen as a waste product, and also releases hydrogen ions.
♥electron transport chain connecting the two photosystems releases energy, which the chloroplast uses to make ATP of producing ATP is similar to cellular respiration
♥ light reactions convert light energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
♥photosynthesis also produces sugar
♥Calvin cycle uses the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions.

8.3

♥Calvin cycle reuses its materials each time the process occurs
♥Calvin cycle's inputs are carbon dioxide from air and ATP and NADPH from light reactions
♥Calvin cycle's output is an energy rich sugar molecule
♥sugar yet not glucose but smaller sugar name is G3P
♥The plant cell usese G3P as a raw material for making glucose and other organic molecules needs.
♥equation for photosynthesis is 6CO2+6H2O->->-> C6H12O6+6O2
♥light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes
♥light reaction uses water as a reactant and produce oxygen
♥Calvin cycle takes place in stroma, it uses ATP and NADPH to change carbon dioxide to sugar
♥First step of photosynthesis is the flow of energy through an ecosystem, whree chmical energy passes from producers to consumers